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ecomi

ecomi is present on the following networks: base, ethereum. The consensus mechanism of the Base protocol, an Ethereum Layer 2 solution launched by Coinbase, utilizes Optimistic Rollups for scaling built on the Optimism software development kit (SDK). Key Components: 1. Optimistic Rollups: Assumption of Validity: Transactions are assumed valid by default and are processed off-chain. Instead of proving the validity of every transaction, the system assumes they are correct unless challenged. Fraud Proofs: If there is a suspicion of fraud, a challenge mechanism (fault proof) allows anyone to dispute the validity of a transaction within a specific time frame. If a transaction is found to be fraudulent, it is rolled back, and the dishonest actor is penalized. 2. Sequencer: Transaction Ordering: The sequencer is responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches to be processed off-chain. Block Production: It constructs and executes Layer 2 blocks, which are then submitted to Ethereum (Layer 1) for finality. State Updates: Provides transaction confirmations and state updates, ensuring the network's state remains consistent and accurate. 3. Interaction with Ethereum: On-Chain Contracts: Optimistic Rollups use smart contracts deployed on Ethereum to manage rollup blocks, monitor state updates, and track user deposits. Off-Chain Computation: Most computations and state storage occur off-chain, enhancing scalability and reducing fees. 4. Security and Decentralization: Modular OP Stack: Base is built on the open-source OP Stack from Optimism, which is designed to be highly modular and customizable. Commitment Posting: Periodically, the post-transaction state is committed to Ethereum, ensuring the security and integrity of the Layer 2 transactions. Censorship Resistance: The architecture provides censorship resistance equivalent to Ethereum, as it allows direct submission of transactions to the sequencer. The Ethereum network uses a Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanism to validate new transactions on the blockchain. Core Components 1. Validators: Validators are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To become a validator, a user must deposit (stake) 32 ETH into a smart contract. This stake acts as collateral and can be slashed if the validator behaves dishonestly. 2. Beacon Chain: The Beacon Chain is the backbone of Ethereum 2.0. It coordinates the network of validators and manages the consensus protocol. It is responsible for creating new blocks, organizing validators into committees, and implementing the finality of blocks. Consensus Process 1. Block Proposal: Validators are chosen randomly to propose new blocks. This selection is based on a weighted random function (WRF), where the weight is determined by the amount of ETH staked. 2. Attestation: Validators not proposing a block participate in attestation. They attest to the validity of the proposed block by voting for it. Attestations are then aggregated to form a single proof of the block’s validity. 3. Committees: Validators are organized into committees to streamline the validation process. Each committee is responsible for validating blocks within a specific shard or the Beacon Chain itself. This ensures decentralization and security, as a smaller group of validators can quickly reach consensus. 4. Finality: Ethereum 2.0 uses a mechanism called Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget) to achieve finality. Finality means that a block and its transactions are considered irreversible and confirmed. Validators vote on the finality of blocks, and once a supermajority is reached, the block is finalized. 5. Incentives and Penalties: Validators earn rewards for participating in the network, including proposing blocks and attesting to their validity. Conversely, validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or being offline for extended periods. This ensures honest participation and network security.

ecomi is present on the following networks: base, ethereum. Base, an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution, uses a combination of economic incentives and security mechanisms to ensure the integrity and security of transactions. Base leverages Optimistic Rollups to enhance scalability while maintaining security. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators and Sequencers: Sequencers: In Base, sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches that are processed off-chain. They play a crucial role in maintaining network efficiency and throughput. Validator Rewards: Validators earn rewards for participating in the consensus process. These rewards can include transaction fees and additional protocol incentives. 2. Economic Incentives: Transaction Fees: Sequencers earn transaction fees from users who want their transactions processed. These fees incentivize sequencers to operate honestly and efficiently. Challenge Rewards: Users who successfully challenge invalid transactions by submitting fraud proofs are rewarded. This mechanism encourages the community to actively monitor and ensure the correctness of transactions. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Economic Penalties: Validators or sequencers that act maliciously, such as including invalid transactions, face economic penalties. These penalties can include forfeiture of staked tokens or other forms of economic loss. Fraud Proofs: If a transaction is challenged and found to be invalid, the dishonest party (sequencer) faces penalties, and the state is reverted. This discourages malicious behavior and ensures network integrity. Fees Applicable on the Base Blockchain Protocol 1. Transaction Fees: Layer 2 Transaction Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are typically lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. Cost Efficiency: By aggregating multiple transactions into a single batch, Base reduces the overall cost per transaction, making it more economical for users. 2. L1 Data Fees: Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, state updates from Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee, known as the L1 data fee, which covers the gas cost of publishing these state updates on Ethereum. Cost Sharing: The fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions within a batch, reducing the cost burden on individual transactions. 3. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Base are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume. Ethereum, particularly after transitioning to Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2), employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to secure its network. The incentives for validators and the fee structures play crucial roles in maintaining the security and efficiency of the blockchain. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Staking Rewards: Validator Rewards: Validators are essential to the PoS mechanism. They are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To participate, they must stake a minimum of 32 ETH. In return, they earn rewards for their contributions, which are paid out in ETH. These rewards are a combination of newly minted ETH and transaction fees from the blocks they validate. Reward Rate: The reward rate for validators is dynamic and depends on the total amount of ETH staked in the network. The more ETH staked, the lower the individual reward rate, and vice versa. This is designed to balance the network's security and the incentive to participate. 2. Transaction Fees: Base Fee: After the implementation of Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559, the transaction fee model changed to include a base fee that is burned (i.e., removed from circulation). This base fee adjusts dynamically based on network demand, aiming to stabilize transaction fees and reduce volatility. Priority Fee (Tip): Users can also include a priority fee (tip) to incentivize validators to include their transactions more quickly. This fee goes directly to the validators, providing them with an additional incentive to process transactions efficiently. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Slashing: Validators face penalties (slashing) if they engage in malicious behavior, such as double-signing or validating incorrect information. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of their staked ETH, discouraging bad actors and ensuring that validators act in the network's best interest. Inactivity Penalties: Validators also face penalties for prolonged inactivity. This ensures that validators remain active and engaged in maintaining the network's security and operation. Fees Applicable on the Ethereum Blockchain 1. Gas Fees: Calculation: Gas fees are calculated based on the computational complexity of transactions and smart contract executions. Each operation on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) has an associated gas cost. Dynamic Adjustment: The base fee introduced by EIP-1559 dynamically adjusts according to network congestion. When demand for block space is high, the base fee increases, and when demand is low, it decreases. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Interaction: Deploying a smart contract on Ethereum involves paying gas fees proportional to the contract's complexity and size. Interacting with deployed smart contracts (e.g., executing functions, transferring tokens) also incurs gas fees. Optimizations: Developers are incentivized to optimize their smart contracts to minimize gas usage, making transactions more cost-effective for users. 3. Asset Transfer Fees: Token Transfers: Transferring ERC-20 or other token standards involves gas fees. These fees vary based on the token's contract implementation and the current network demand.

2024-03-28

2025-03-28

280.11774 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) base, ethereum is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.