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闪电网络

欧易

发布于 2022年12月06日

更新于 2024年8月29日

阅读时长 2 分钟

闪电网络，即Lightning Network，是工作在区块链上（主要面向比特币）的第二层支付协议。其设计目的是实现交易双方的即时交易，闪电网络的主要思路——将大量交易放到比特币区块链之外进行，只把关键环节放到链上进行确认。该设计最早于 2015 年 2 月在论文《The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments》中提出。闪电网络主要通过引入智能合约的思想来完善链下的交易渠道。核心的概念主要有两个：RSMC（Recoverable Sequence Maturity Contract）和 HTLC（Hashed Timelock Contract）。前者解决了链下交易的确认问题，后者解决了支付通道的问题。

RSMC，Recoverable Sequence Maturity Contract，即“可撤销的顺序成熟度合同”。主要原理类似资金池机制。首先假定交易双方之间存在一个“微支付通道”（资金池）。交易双方先预存一部分资金到“微支付通道”里，初始情况下双方的分配方案等于预存的金额。每次发生交易，需要对交易后产生资金分配结果共同进行确认，同时签字把旧版本的分配方案作废掉。任何一方需要提现时，可以将他手里双方签署过的交易结果写到区块链网络中，从而被确认。从这个过程中可以可以看到，只有在提现时候才需要通过区块链。

HTLC，微支付通道是通过 Hashed Timelock Contract 来实现的，中文意思是“哈希的带时钟的合约”。这个其实就是限时转账。理解起来也很简单，通过智能合约，双方约定转账方先冻结一笔钱，并提供一个哈希值，如果在一定时间内有人能提出一个字符串，使得它哈希后的值跟已知值匹配（实际上意味着转账方授权了接收方来提现），则这笔钱转给接收方。

RSMC 保障了两个人之间的直接交易可以在链下完成，HTLC 保障了任意两个人之间的转账都可以通过一条“支付”通道来完成。闪电网络整合这两种机制，就可以实现任意两个人之间的交易都在链下完成了。
在整个交易中，智能合约起到了中介的重要角色，而区块链网络则确保最终的交易结果被确认。

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